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The Toolbox — Charts

RF & Coax

Coaxial cable types, loss per 100ft, RF connector types, VSWR to return loss conversion, and free space path loss reference.

Coaxial Cable Types

TypeImpedanceVel. FactorMax FreqCommon Use
RG-5850 Ω0.661 GHzShort runs, test leads, mobile HF
RG-8X50 Ω0.781 GHzHF and VHF mobile, flexible
RG-21350 Ω0.661 GHzHF base stations, low loss
LMR-40050 Ω0.852.5 GHzVHF/UHF base, very low loss
LMR-60050 Ω0.872.5 GHzHigh power, long runs
RG-17450 Ω0.661 GHzPigtails, GPS, tight spaces
RG-5975 Ω0.661 GHzVideo, CCTV, CATV
RG-675 Ω0.823 GHzSatellite, digital CATV
RG-1175 Ω0.841 GHzCATV trunk, long runs

Coaxial Cable Loss Reference

Approximate attenuation in dB per 100 feet at common frequencies. Actual loss varies by manufacturer and temperature.

Cable30 MHz150 MHz450 MHz1 GHz
RG-581.4 dB3.3 dB6.4 dB10.1 dB
RG-8X0.8 dB2.0 dB3.8 dB6.2 dB
RG-2130.8 dB2.1 dB3.9 dB6.3 dB
LMR-4000.4 dB0.9 dB1.7 dB2.7 dB
LMR-6000.3 dB0.6 dB1.1 dB1.8 dB
RG-1742.9 dB6.8 dB13.0 dB20.5 dB
RG-591.1 dB2.4 dB4.6 dB7.4 dB
RG-60.6 dB1.5 dB2.8 dB4.6 dB

RF Connector Types

ConnectorImpedanceFrequency RangeCommon Use
PL-259 (UHF)UnspecifiedDC – 300 MHzHF/VHF amateur and marine radio
BNC50 or 75 ΩDC – 4 GHzTest equipment, aviation electronics
TNC50 or 75 ΩDC – 11 GHzMobile radios, vibration-prone environments
N-Type50 or 75 ΩDC – 11 GHzVHF/UHF base antennas, high power
SMA50 ΩDC – 18 GHzPortable radios, GPS, WiFi modules
SMB50 or 75 ΩDC – 4 GHzAutomotive, broadcast equipment
F-Type75 ΩDC – 3 GHzCable TV, satellite, DOCSIS modems
MCX50 or 75 ΩDC – 6 GHzGPS, compact electronics
SC (fiber)N/AOpticalFiber optic — push-pull, data networks
LC (fiber)N/AOpticalFiber optic — small form factor, SFP
ST (fiber)N/AOpticalFiber optic — bayonet, multimode

VSWR to Return Loss Conversion

SWR below 1.5:1 is acceptable for most installations. Above 2:1 indicates a significant mismatch requiring investigation.

VSWRReturn LossReflected PowerEfficiencyRating
1.0:1∞ dB0%100%Perfect
1.1:126.4 dB0.2%99.8%Excellent
1.2:120.8 dB0.8%99.2%Excellent
1.5:114.0 dB4%96%Good
2.0:19.5 dB11%89%Acceptable
2.5:17.0 dB18%82%Poor
3.0:16.0 dB25%75%Poor
4.0:14.4 dB36%64%Very Poor
5.0:13.5 dB44%56%Very Poor
10.0:11.7 dB67%33%Severe

Free Space Path Loss Reference

Approximate free space path loss in dB at common frequencies and distances. Actual path loss varies with terrain, obstructions, and atmospheric conditions.

Distance150 MHz (VHF)435 MHz (UHF)1575 MHz (GPS)2.4 GHz (WiFi)
1 m37.5 dB45.2 dB56.4 dB60.0 dB
10 m57.5 dB65.2 dB76.4 dB80.0 dB
100 m77.5 dB85.2 dB96.4 dB100.0 dB
1 km97.5 dB105.2 dB116.4 dB120.0 dB
10 km117.5 dB125.2 dB136.4 dB140.0 dB
100 km137.5 dB145.2 dB156.4 dB160.0 dB