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Electrical

Resistor color code, wire gauge, wire color codes, metric prefixes, dB reference, and unit conversions.

Metric Prefixes

PrefixSymbolPowerExample
TeraT10¹²1 THz = 1,000,000 MHz
GigaG10⁹1 GHz = 1,000 MHz
MegaM10⁶1 MHz = 1,000 kHz
Kilok10³1 kHz = 1,000 Hz
Base10⁰1 Hz, 1 V, 1 A, 1 W
Millim10⁻³1 mA = 0.001 A
Microμ10⁻⁶1 μF = 0.000001 F
Nanon10⁻⁹1 nF = 0.001 μF
Picop10⁻¹²1 pF = 0.001 nF

Decibel Quick Reference

dBPower RatioVoltage RatioMeaning
0 dB1:11:1No change
+1 dB1.26:11.12:1Slight increase
+2 dB1.58:11.26:1Minor increase
+3 dB2:11.41:1Double power
+6 dB4:12:14× power, 2× voltage
+10 dB10:13.16:110× power
+20 dB100:110:1100× power
+30 dB1,000:131.6:11,000× power
−3 dB0.5:10.707:1Half power
−6 dB0.25:10.5:1Quarter power
−10 dB0.1:10.316:110% of power
−20 dB0.01:10.1:11% of power

Resistor Color Code

Mnemonic: Big Brown Rabbits Often Yield Great Big Values Good Work

ColorDigitMultiplierTolerance
Black
0×1
Brown
1×10±1%
Red
2×100±2%
Orange
3×1k
Yellow
4×10k
Green
5×100k±0.5%
Blue
6×1M±0.25%
Violet
7×10M±0.1%
Gray
8×100M±0.05%
White
9×1G
Gold
×0.1±5%
Silver
×0.01±10%

AWG Wire Gauge Reference

AWGDiameterResistanceMax Current
08.25 mm0.161 Ω/km150 A
26.54 mm0.256 Ω/km95 A
45.19 mm0.407 Ω/km70 A
64.11 mm0.648 Ω/km55 A
83.26 mm1.03 Ω/km40 A
102.59 mm1.64 Ω/km30 A
122.05 mm2.60 Ω/km20 A
141.63 mm4.14 Ω/km15 A
161.29 mm6.59 Ω/km13 A
181.02 mm10.5 Ω/km10 A
200.812 mm16.7 Ω/km7.5 A
220.644 mm26.5 Ω/km5 A
240.511 mm42.1 Ω/km3.5 A

Wire Color Codes

StandardWire ColorMeaning
Automotive (SAE)BlackGround / negative return
Automotive (SAE)RedBattery positive / switched power
Automotive (SAE)YellowBattery constant positive (memory)
Automotive (SAE)GreenRight front speaker positive
Automotive (SAE)WhiteLeft front speaker positive
Marine (ABYC)Yellow/Red stripeStarting circuit / bilge blower
Marine (ABYC)RedDC positive (ungrounded conductor)
Marine (ABYC)Black or YellowDC negative (grounded conductor)
Marine (ABYC)Green or Green/YellowDC grounding conductor
Marine (ABYC)Dark BlueCabin and instrument lights
Marine (ABYC)BrownGenerator armature / bilge pump
Aviation (MIL-W-5088)WhiteGeneral wiring (most common)
Aviation (MIL-W-5088)RedDC power bus
Aviation (MIL-W-5088)BlackGround / negative
Aviation (MIL-W-5088)BlueAC power
AC Mains (US NEC)BlackHot (line)
AC Mains (US NEC)WhiteNeutral
AC Mains (US NEC)Green or BareSafety ground
AC Mains (US NEC)RedSecond hot (240V / 3-phase)

Imperial to Metric Conversions

ImperialMetric
1 inch25.4 mm
1 foot304.8 mm / 0.3048 m
1 yard914.4 mm / 0.9144 m
1 mile1.609 km
1 nautical mile1.852 km
1 statute mile1.609 km
1 oz28.35 g
1 lb453.6 g / 0.4536 kg
1 psi6.895 kPa
1 ft-lb1.356 N·m
1 in-lb0.113 N·m
1 horsepower746 W
1 BTU1055 J
°F to °C(°F − 32) × 5/9
°C to °F(°C × 9/5) + 32